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antipodi
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Sun Jan 29, 2006 1:01 pm
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 Falconry a Potted History
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It is not know exactly when man first trained a bird of prey , but the art of falconry was well establish in the Middle and far East by many years BC.
It is likely that the Romans learnt falconry from the Greeks and, although the practice does not appear to have become overly popular, there are references to Caesar using falcons to destroy pigeons carrying messages.
Dutch hood In more recent history, falconry has enjoyed a more widespread and consistent popularity, not least as a sport of kings. It was reputedly the favourite sport of every King of England between Alfred the Great and George III, except perhaps for James 1 (1602-25) who, although a practised falconer himself, apparently spent much of his time experimenting with cormorants and ospreys to catch fish.
Much has been written of King John's passion for crane hawking (for which he flew a cast of gyrs given to him by the King of Norway) and he often brought hunting parties here to the Test Valley to fly falcons at herons. It was due to the practice of ringing these birds before they were re-released, and therefore the accumulation of information about their numbers and locations, that the Test Valley heronries are documented in the Domesday Book.
It was not only the rich who hunted with hawks in the Middle Ages. Labourers relied on hunting what they could for the table, often illegally. King John, to improve the rewards of his own personal hunting, Lahore bells prohibited the taking of all feathered game in the Royal Forests, which then covered vast areas of the British countryside.
Despite his subsequent order that a hundred paupers should be fed with the proceeds of each hunt, the law would have caused an inestimable amount of suffering and hardship if it had actually been enforced effectively.
During the Middle Ages, there evolved in falconry the social custom which we today refer to as the Laws of Ownership, by which birds of prey were allocated to a rank and a man could not hawk with a bird which had been allocated to a higher rank than himself. This hierarchy seems to have evolved mainly around the cost of the bird. Although it is not known how strictly it was adhered to, the original list, documented in the 15th Century 'Boke of St Albans' on hawking, hunting and cote-armour, was as follows:
Emperor The Eagle, Vulture and Merloun Lady The Marlyon (4)
King The Ger Falcon and Tercel of the Ger Falcon Young Man The Hobby
Prince The Falcon Gentle (1) and the Tercel Gentle Yeoman The Goshawk
Duke The Falcon of the Rock (2) Poor Man The Jercel (5)
Earl The Falcon Peregrine Priest The Sparrowhawk
Baron The Bustard (3) Holy Water Clerk The Musket (6)
Knight The Sacre and the Sacret Knave or Servant The Kestrel
Esquire The Lanere and the Laneret
(1) Possibly another name for a male Gyr (perhaps a small one), or a third name for a Peregrine.
(2) or Rock Falcon; supposedly a hardy, larger peregrine taken from inaccessible areas of coastline.
(3) Not being a bird of prey, the 'Bustard' may have been a buzzard or harrier (from French 'busard').
(4) Merlin; Mary Queen of Scots flew her Merlins with the Royal Falconer on short hawking trips from Tutbury Castle where she was imprisoned, much to the anger of Elizabeth I.
(5) Possibly a male Goshawk.
(6) Male Sparrowhawk.
Royal Falconers were held in considerably high esteem. In Wales, the Master of the Hawks, or Penhebogydd as he was called, Anglo-Indian Hood was fourth in rank from the king and was honoured with certain privileges; his lands were held free, he could bring his own cup to the king's table, although he wasn't allowed to drink more than enough to quench his thirst in case he neglected his hawks in his drunkenness, and he was allowed the heart and lungs of all animals in the Royal kitchen. Whenever his hawks caught a heron, bittern or crane, three of the noblest species of game, the Prince would honour him by holding his horse for him while he took the hawks from the game, by holding hid stirrup on remounting and, at night, by serving him three times with his own hands.
As the more efficient and novel methods of killing animals for both sport and table were introduced and farmlands became fenced in to improve agriculture falconryPeregrine on the fist gradually lost its popularity. By the end of the 18th Century it had already become something of a rarity to see a trained falcon at work in the British countryside. Various hawking clubs were formed to rally members keen to continue their sport, but by the mid-19th Century subscription costs had risen so high that falconry became accessible only to the wealthy classes. Nowadays, however, hawking and falconry clubs exist to help amateur falconers pursue their sport in whatever capacity their time and income permits and the elitist picture is changing. Falconry, however, as a field sport, albeit the most natural of ones, is under constant pressure from an anti-hunting lobby and therefore its continuance will always remain at risk.
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